Glossary

A:

1. Affordable Housing

Affordable housing refers to residential units that are reasonably priced for individuals or families with low to moderate incomes. These homes are often developed under government schemes or incentives, ensuring access to safe and decent living spaces without causing financial strain on the buyers or tenants.

2. Affordable Plot

An affordable plot is a piece of land available at a price within the reach of average-income buyers. These plots are typically located in developing areas with potential for future growth and are ideal for building custom homes or for long-term investment purposes.

3. Agricultural Land

Agricultural land is land designated and primarily used for farming, cultivation of crops, or rearing of animals. It is regulated by state-specific laws in India, which often restrict its sale to non-farmers to preserve its intended agricultural purpose and prevent unplanned urbanization.

4. Agricultural Land Ceiling Act

The Agricultural Land Ceiling Act sets the maximum amount of agricultural land an individual or family can own. Introduced to prevent concentration of land in the hands of a few, it ensures fair distribution and promotes land reform policies across different states in India.

5. Allotment Letter

An allotment letter is an official document issued by a developer or housing authority confirming the allocation of a property to a buyer. It outlines essential details such as the property number, size, payment plan, and terms, serving as proof of the buyer’s ownership rights initiation.

6. AnyROR

AnyROR (Any Records of Rights) is an online land record portal used in Gujarat, India. It allows citizens to view land ownership details, mutation entries, and survey numbers, ensuring transparency in property transactions and reducing the need for manual visits to government offices.

7. Apartment Association

An apartment association is a legal body formed by the residents of an apartment complex to manage its operations. It oversees maintenance, enforces rules, collects fees, and represents residents’ interests in matters related to amenities, safety, and dispute resolution.

8. Apartment Maintenance Charges

Apartment maintenance charges are monthly or quarterly fees paid by residents to cover common expenses like cleaning, security, electricity in shared areas, and upkeep of amenities. These charges are usually decided by the apartment association and vary based on the facilities provided.

9. Approved Layout

An approved layout is a residential or commercial land development plan that has been sanctioned by the local municipal or planning authority. It ensures compliance with building regulations, zoning laws, and infrastructure requirements, protecting buyers from legal complications related to unapproved developments.

10. Apna Khata

Apna Khata is Rajasthan’s official online portal for land records. It enables citizens to check property ownership details, jamabandi (record of rights), and mutation status from anywhere, enhancing convenience and reducing fraud in land transactions.

11. Area Statement

An area statement is a document or plan detailing the dimensions, measurements, and utilization of land or built-up space in a property. It typically includes carpet area, built-up area, and super built-up area calculations for transparency in real estate dealings.

12. Asset Valuation

Asset valuation is the process of determining the current market value of a property, land, or real estate investment. It considers factors like location, condition, demand, and legal clearances, and is essential for sales, taxation, insurance, or mortgage purposes.

B:

13. Banglarbhumi

Banglarbhumi is West Bengal’s online land records portal, offering details such as khatian (record of rights), plot maps, and mutation status. It helps buyers, sellers, and landowners verify property information and avoid disputes or fraudulent transactions.

14. Basement Rights

Basement rights refer to the legal entitlement of a property owner to use the basement area of a building for specified purposes. These may include storage, parking, or commercial activities, depending on the property type and municipal regulations.

15. Bay Window Design

A bay window design extends outward from the main walls of a building, creating a bay in a room. It enhances natural light, ventilation, and aesthetics, and is often used in modern homes to add charm and functional seating space.

16. Benami Property

A benami property is one that is purchased in the name of another person, but the actual funds and ownership benefits belong to someone else. Such transactions are prohibited under the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act to curb black money and tax evasion.

17. BHK (Bedroom, Hall, Kitchen)

BHK stands for Bedroom, Hall, Kitchen, and is used to describe the configuration of a residential unit. For example, a 2BHK indicates two bedrooms, one hall, and one kitchen. It is a standard classification used in property listings across India.

18. Bhoomi RTC

Bhoomi RTC is Karnataka’s digital land record system, providing access to the Record of Rights, Tenancy, and Crops (RTC) documents. It allows landowners to check ownership details, crop patterns, and tenancy rights online, streamlining the property verification process.

19. Bhulekh

Bhulekh is the generic term for digital land record portals in several Indian states. It enables citizens to view property ownership, mutation, and survey records, reducing manual paperwork and promoting transparency in real estate dealings.

20. Bhulekh Odisha

Bhulekh Odisha is the official land records website for the state of Odisha. It provides details on khatian, plot numbers, and land maps, helping citizens verify property information and prevent fraudulent transactions.

21. Bhumata Portal

Bhumata Portal is Maharashtra’s digital land records platform. It provides access to property ownership details, mutation status, and land maps. This online service reduces paperwork, increases transparency in land transactions, and allows citizens to verify records without visiting revenue offices.

22. Builder-Buyer Agreement

A builder-buyer agreement is a legally binding contract between a property developer and the buyer. It outlines the property specifications, payment schedule, delivery timeline, and legal obligations of both parties, protecting buyers from delays and ensuring clarity in the real estate transaction process.

23. Building Bylaws

Building bylaws are regulations established by local authorities to govern construction within a specific jurisdiction. They cover aspects such as height limits, floor area ratio, setbacks, and fire safety, ensuring that buildings meet safety, aesthetic, and environmental standards.

24. Building Completion Date

The building completion date is the official date when a construction project is finished according to approved plans and ready for use. It is significant for buyers as it affects possession timelines, payment milestones, and potential penalties for delays.

25. Building Footprint

The building footprint refers to the total ground area covered by a building’s structure. It is measured at the base of the building and helps determine compliance with zoning regulations, setback rules, and overall land utilization.

26. Building Permit

A building permit is official authorization from a municipal or local authority allowing the construction, renovation, or demolition of a structure. It ensures that proposed work complies with building codes, zoning laws, and safety regulations before commencement.

27. Built-Up Area

Built-up area is the total space within a property, including the carpet area and the thickness of walls, balconies, and terraces. It is usually larger than the carpet area and is used for pricing and taxation purposes in real estate.

C:

28. Capital Appreciation

Capital appreciation refers to the increase in the value of a property or investment over time. It occurs due to factors such as infrastructure development, demand growth, and market conditions, and is a key driver for long-term real estate investment.

29. Carpet Area

Carpet area is the usable floor space within a property, measured from the inner walls, excluding common areas, balconies, and wall thickness. It determines the actual living space available to the occupant and is important for accurate property pricing.

30. Carpet Area Ratio

The carpet area ratio is the proportion of usable carpet area to the total built-up or super built-up area of a property. It helps buyers assess the efficiency of space utilization within a residential or commercial project.

31. Central Business District

A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business hub of a city, often housing corporate offices, retail outlets, and financial institutions. Properties in CBDs are typically high in demand due to prime location and accessibility.

32. Circle Rate

Circle rate is the minimum property value set by the government for the purpose of stamp duty and registration charges. It prevents undervaluation in property transactions and varies by location within a city or state.

33. Collateral

Collateral is an asset pledged by a borrower to a lender as security for a loan. In real estate, the property itself often serves as collateral for a home loan, giving the lender legal rights in case of repayment default.

34. Commercial Zoning

Commercial zoning designates land for business activities such as retail, offices, hotels, and restaurants. Local zoning laws regulate construction and land use in commercial zones, ensuring compatibility with surrounding infrastructure and community planning.

35. Common Area Maintenance (CAM)

Common Area Maintenance (CAM) refers to shared expenses for maintaining spaces like lobbies, elevators, parking lots, and gardens in a property complex. CAM charges are usually divided among residents or tenants according to agreed terms in the lease or association rules.

36. Common Property

Common property includes areas within a residential or commercial complex that are shared by all owners or tenants. Examples include hallways, recreational spaces, and parking areas, managed collectively through an association or maintenance committee.

37. Completion Certificate

A completion certificate is issued by a local municipal authority once a building has been constructed in compliance with approved plans and regulations. It is required for legal possession and utility connections.

38. Construction Agreement

A construction agreement is a contract between a property owner and a contractor detailing the scope of work, materials, timelines, and payment terms for a construction project. It ensures accountability and clarity for both parties.

39. Construction Linked Plan

A construction linked plan is a payment schedule where the buyer pays the developer in installments tied to the progress of construction. This approach provides financial security for buyers as payments align with visible project milestones.

40. Contour Survey

A contour survey maps the elevations and slopes of a piece of land, identifying height differences and terrain features. It is essential for architects and engineers to plan drainage, grading, and construction on uneven land.

41. Conversion Certificate

A legal document issued by the competent authority allowing a change in land use from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes. This certificate is essential for property development, ensuring compliance with local zoning laws and preventing future legal disputes related to the intended use of the land.

42. Covered Parking

A designated parking area with a permanent roof or shelter, protecting vehicles from environmental elements such as sun, rain, and dust. Covered parking is often a valued amenity in residential and commercial complexes, enhancing property appeal and potentially increasing its market value.

43. Cross Ventilation Design

An architectural approach that strategically places openings such as windows and vents on opposite or adjacent walls to promote natural airflow. Cross ventilation improves indoor air quality, reduces reliance on artificial cooling, and enhances comfort by facilitating temperature regulation within the building.

44. Deed of Assignment

A legal document transferring ownership rights, title, or interest in a property from one party (assignor) to another (assignee). Common in leasehold property transfers, it ensures that the assignee inherits both the benefits and obligations of the original agreement, subject to legal provisions.

45. Deed of Trust

A property-related legal instrument involving three parties—the borrower, the lender, and a trustee—where the property serves as collateral for a loan. The trustee holds the legal title until the borrower fulfills repayment obligations, after which the title reverts to the borrower.

46. Demarcation of Land

The process of clearly defining and marking the physical boundaries of a land parcel using official surveys and physical markers. It prevents disputes, ensures accurate property records, and is essential for legal transactions and development approvals.

47. Development Agreement

A formal contract between a landowner and a developer outlining the terms for property development. It includes details on revenue sharing, construction timelines, responsibilities, and legal obligations, ensuring transparency and protecting the interests of both parties.

48. Development Charges

Fees levied by municipal or planning authorities on property developers to cover the cost of infrastructure improvements such as roads, sewage, and electricity. These charges are mandatory and ensure that new developments are adequately supported by public utilities and amenities.

50. Dharani Portal

An official online platform by the Telangana government providing services related to land records, property registration, and mutations. The portal enhances transparency, reduces manual intervention, and allows property owners to verify records and initiate legal transactions online.

51. Digital Property Records

Digitized versions of land and property ownership documents maintained in government databases. These records improve accessibility, minimize fraud, and ensure secure storage, enabling property verification and transactions without the need for physical paperwork.

52. Disbursement of Home Loan

The process by which a lender releases sanctioned home loan funds to the borrower or directly to the builder/seller. Disbursement may be done in full or in stages, depending on the property’s construction status and the loan agreement terms.

53. Distress Sale Property

A property sold at a price significantly below market value due to urgent financial needs, legal issues, or time constraints faced by the owner. While attractive to buyers, such sales require thorough legal due diligence to avoid complications.

54. Door-to-Door Property Tax Collection

A method where municipal representatives visit properties to collect tax payments directly from owners. This system aims to improve compliance, particularly in areas with low digital penetration, while ensuring timely revenue generation for local authorities.

55. Down Payment

An upfront payment made by the buyer during property purchase, usually a percentage of the total price, with the remaining balance financed through a loan. It demonstrates the buyer’s commitment and reduces the lender’s risk exposure.

56. Dual Ownership

A property ownership arrangement where legal title and beneficial ownership are held by different entities or individuals. Common in trust structures, it separates control from enjoyment, often for estate planning or investment purposes.

57. Duplex House

A residential building divided into two separate living units, either side-by-side or stacked vertically. Each unit has its own entrance, making duplex houses popular among buyers seeking rental income or multi-generational living options.

58. Dwelling Unit Density

A planning metric indicating the number of residential units allowed per acre or hectare of land. Higher density supports urban growth, while lower density is common in suburban or rural developments, affecting infrastructure planning and property values.

59. E-Auction of Property

An online auction process for selling properties, often used by banks to recover debts from defaulting borrowers. E-auctions are transparent, competitive, and regulated to ensure fairness and attract genuine buyers.

60. Earthquake-Resistant Building

A structure designed and constructed to withstand seismic forces without significant damage. It incorporates specialized engineering techniques, quality materials, and safety standards to protect occupants and reduce property loss during earthquakes.

61. Easement Rights

A legal right allowing one party to use another’s property for a specific purpose, such as access to a road or utility installation. Easements do not grant ownership but ensure lawful usage under agreed terms.

61. Eco-Friendly Construction
    Eco-friendly construction involves using sustainable materials, energy-efficient designs, and environmentally responsible practices to reduce a building’s ecological footprint. This approach focuses on minimizing waste, conserving water, and using renewable energy sources, ultimately promoting healthier living environments while contributing to long-term cost savings and reduced environmental impact.
62. E-Governance in Property Registration
    E-Governance in property registration uses digital platforms to simplify the process of registering land and property. It enhances transparency, reduces paperwork, and minimizes fraud by enabling online verification, document uploads, and payment of fees. This modern approach ensures quicker processing and better record management for both buyers and government authorities.
63. EMI (Equated Monthly Installment)
    EMI refers to a fixed monthly payment made by a borrower to a lender, covering both principal and interest portions of a loan. It allows property buyers to repay home loans in affordable installments over a set tenure, making high-value purchases like real estate financially manageable.
64. Encroachment of Land
    Encroachment of land occurs when an individual or entity unlawfully occupies or builds upon another person’s property without permission. This can lead to legal disputes, property value depreciation, and loss of rightful ownership. Preventing encroachment involves regular land surveys, clear boundary markings, and proper legal documentation.
65. Encumbrance Certificate
    An Encumbrance Certificate is an official document that confirms a property is free from legal or monetary liabilities, such as unpaid loans or disputed ownership claims. It is essential during property transactions to ensure the buyer receives a clear title and the property is safe for purchase.
66. Endorsement of Property Document
    Endorsement of a property document refers to the official noting or approval by relevant authorities on an existing document, signifying an update or confirmation of information. This could include changes in ownership, corrections, or additional clauses, ensuring that property records remain accurate and legally valid.
67. Environment Clearance for Construction
    Environment clearance is a mandatory approval for construction projects to ensure they comply with environmental laws. It evaluates the potential impact of the project on air, water, soil, and biodiversity. Projects without clearance risk penalties, delays, and even cancellation, making it a crucial step in sustainable development.
68. E-Stamp Certificate
    An E-Stamp Certificate is a digitally issued proof of payment for stamp duty in property transactions. It replaces traditional paper stamps, offering a secure, tamper-proof, and verifiable record of payment. E-stamping speeds up transactions, prevents fraud, and provides buyers and sellers with legally valid documentation.
69. Elevated Corridor Project
    An Elevated Corridor Project is a large-scale infrastructure initiative designed to improve urban connectivity by building elevated roads or expressways. These projects help decongest city traffic, enhance real estate value in connected areas, and promote smoother transportation for both residents and businesses.
70. Exclusive Terrace Rights
    Exclusive terrace rights grant a specific property owner the sole legal authority to use and maintain a terrace area in a residential or commercial building. Such rights are usually outlined in the sale agreement and can significantly influence property value, especially in urban housing.
71. FAR (Floor Area Ratio)
    FAR, or Floor Area Ratio, defines the maximum permissible construction area on a plot relative to its size. Set by local planning authorities, FAR regulations ensure balanced urban growth, prevent overcrowding, and maintain open space. Higher FAR allows more built-up area, affecting project design and property prices.
72. FEMA Property Rules
    FEMA Property Rules under the Foreign Exchange Management Act regulate how Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and foreign nationals can buy or sell property in India. These rules ensure legal compliance in cross-border real estate transactions and prevent unauthorized property ownership by foreign entities.
73. Fixed Rate Loan
    A fixed rate loan is a type of financing where the interest rate remains unchanged throughout the loan tenure. This offers borrowers predictable monthly payments, making budgeting easier. It is particularly useful during periods of rising interest rates, providing long-term financial stability.
74. Flat Ownership Act
    The Flat Ownership Act governs the ownership and management of apartment buildings, ensuring fair rights and responsibilities for flat owners. It regulates registration, maintenance, and decision-making within housing societies, promoting transparency and dispute resolution among residents.
75. Flood Zone Mapping
    Flood zone mapping identifies areas prone to flooding based on historical data, rainfall patterns, and terrain analysis. These maps help developers, buyers, and government bodies plan safer constructions, obtain appropriate insurance, and reduce disaster risks.
76. Floor Plan
    A floor plan is a scaled diagram showing the layout of rooms, spaces, and physical features of a property. It helps buyers visualize space usage, plan interiors, and assess suitability before purchase. Architects and builders use it for accurate construction planning.
77. Floating Rate Loan
    A floating rate loan has an interest rate that changes periodically, often linked to a benchmark index like the repo rate. While borrowers can benefit from lower rates when market rates drop, they also risk higher payments if rates rise.
78. Fractional Property Ownership
    Fractional property ownership allows multiple individuals to share ownership of a high-value asset, such as a luxury property. Each owner holds a percentage share, reducing upfront costs while allowing access to premium real estate. It is common in vacation homes and commercial spaces.
79. Freehold Conversion
    Freehold conversion is the legal process of changing a leasehold property into a freehold one, granting the owner absolute rights over the land and structure. This increases property value and simplifies future sales or modifications.
80. Freehold Property
    A freehold property is one where the owner has complete ownership of the building and the land indefinitely. This gives greater control, fewer restrictions, and usually higher resale value compared to leasehold properties.
81. Free Trade Warehousing Zone (FTWZ)
    A Free Trade Warehousing Zone is a designated area where goods can be stored, handled, and re-exported without payment of customs duty. In real estate, FTWZs attract industrial and logistics investments, offering world-class infrastructure, tax benefits, and strategic connectivity to enhance trade efficiency.
82. Frontage of Property
    The frontage of a property refers to the length of land that directly faces a road or open space. A wider frontage often enhances visibility, accessibility, and potential value, especially for commercial properties. It plays a key role in property valuation and development potential.
83. FSI (Floor Space Index)
    Floor Space Index is the ratio of a building’s total floor area to the size of the plot on which it is built. Regulated by local authorities, FSI determines how much construction is permissible, influencing design, density, and project feasibility in urban planning.
84. Gated Community
    A gated community is a residential complex with controlled entry points, security personnel, and shared amenities. Known for privacy, safety, and lifestyle benefits, it often includes parks, gyms, and recreational spaces, making it a preferred choice for modern homebuyers seeking comfort and exclusivity.
85. Geo-Tagged Property Records
    Geo-tagged property records are digital property documents linked with GPS coordinates, ensuring precise location mapping. This technology enhances transparency, prevents disputes, and supports efficient land management by enabling authorities and buyers to verify exact property locations on digital platforms.
86. Gift Deed
    A Gift Deed is a legal document used to voluntarily transfer property ownership without monetary exchange. It must be executed and registered as per the law, ensuring the transfer is valid, tax-compliant, and free from future ownership disputes.
87. Grampanchayat Property Tax
    This is a property tax levied by the local village council (Gram Panchayat) on rural properties. The collected tax funds local infrastructure, sanitation, and community welfare projects, making it essential for property owners to comply with payment schedules.
88. Green Building
    A Green Building is designed to minimize environmental impact through energy efficiency, water conservation, and sustainable materials. Such structures often adhere to certifications like IGBC or LEED, promoting healthier living spaces while reducing long-term operating costs.
89. Greenfield Project
    A Greenfield Project involves developing property on previously unused land, free from existing structures. It allows complete design flexibility but often requires substantial investment in infrastructure and regulatory clearances before construction can commence.
90. Ground Coverage Ratio
    The Ground Coverage Ratio (GCR) defines the percentage of a plot covered by the building’s footprint. Controlled by building bylaws, GCR ensures proper ventilation, green space, and urban aesthetics, influencing project layout and density.
91. Guidance Value
    Also known as the ready reckoner rate, guidance value is the minimum price at which property must be registered in an area. Set by the government, it helps prevent undervaluation in transactions and determines stamp duty calculations.
92. Heritage Property Rules
    Heritage Property Rules protect buildings and sites of historical or cultural significance. These regulations control alterations, demolitions, and restorations to preserve the architectural integrity and cultural value of heritage-listed properties.
93. High-Rise Building
    A high-rise building is a tall structure, typically above 15–20 floors, designed for residential or commercial use. It requires advanced construction techniques, safety measures, and regulatory compliance for elevators, fire safety, and wind resistance.
94. Home Automation Systems
    Home automation integrates technology into residential spaces, enabling remote control of lighting, security, appliances, and climate systems. It enhances convenience, security, and energy efficiency, making it popular in modern smart homes.
95. Home Buyers Agreement
    A Home Buyers Agreement is a contract between the developer and purchaser outlining terms of property sale, payment schedules, possession timelines, and penalties. It safeguards buyer rights and ensures legal clarity in the transaction.
96. Home Loan Sanction
    This is the formal approval given by a bank or lender to provide a housing loan. It specifies the sanctioned amount, interest rate, repayment terms, and validity period, enabling the buyer to proceed confidently with the purchase.
97. House Number Allotment
    House number allotment is the process by which municipal or local authorities assign a unique number to a property for identification, postal delivery, and record-keeping purposes.
98. Housing Loan Subsidy Scheme
    A government initiative offering interest subsidies on home loans to eligible applicants, often under schemes like PMAY. It aims to make housing affordable, especially for low- and middle-income groups.
99. IGRS
    Integrated Grievance Redressal System (IGRS) is an online portal for property registration, document verification, and grievance resolution. It improves efficiency, transparency, and public access to land records.
100. IGBC-Certified Buildings
     Buildings certified by the Indian Green Building Council meet specific sustainability benchmarks for energy use, water conservation, and indoor air quality. Such certification adds value, market appeal, and environmental credibility to the property.
101. Indemnity Bond
     An indemnity bond is a legal document that protects one party against potential losses or damages caused by another. In real estate, it is often required to safeguard transactions, especially in cases involving lost property documents, disputed ownership, or incomplete legal records. It serves as a binding financial assurance.
102. Individual Plot Development
     Individual plot development refers to the planning, designing, and constructing of infrastructure and amenities on a single parcel of land. This can include leveling, road access, drainage, water supply, and landscaping. It offers owners flexibility to build as per personal requirements while adhering to local building regulations and zoning laws.
103. Industrial Zoning
     Industrial zoning is the classification of land for manufacturing, warehousing, and related commercial activities. It ensures such operations are separated from residential and sensitive areas. Regulations under industrial zoning cover building height, pollution control, transport access, and permissible industries to maintain environmental safety and economic efficiency in urban planning.
104. Inheritance Law
     Inheritance law governs how property and assets are transferred after an individual’s death. In India, these laws vary based on religion, personal laws, and the Indian Succession Act. They determine legal heirs, distribution shares, and procedures for property transfer, ensuring orderly succession and protection of rightful ownership.
105. Infrastructure Cess
     Infrastructure cess is a tax or levy collected by local or state authorities to fund public infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and water systems. In real estate, it may be charged during property registration or development approvals to support community facilities and urban growth initiatives.
106. Infrastructure Development
     Infrastructure development involves creating and improving essential facilities like roads, electricity, water supply, sewage systems, and public transport. In real estate, strong infrastructure boosts property value, enhances connectivity, and attracts investment, making it a critical factor in residential, commercial, and industrial growth.
107. In-Principle Land Allotment
     In-principle land allotment is a preliminary approval granted by government or development authorities to allocate a parcel of land for a specific purpose. It confirms eligibility but is subject to meeting conditions such as payment, compliance with regulations, and final documentation before possession or development rights are transferred.
108. Integrated Township
     An integrated township is a large-scale, self-contained urban development that combines residential, commercial, recreational, and social infrastructure within one master plan. It offers amenities such as schools, hospitals, shopping areas, and parks, promoting convenience, reduced commute times, and a balanced lifestyle for residents.
109. Investment Property Analysis
     Investment property analysis evaluates the financial performance and potential returns of a real estate asset. It involves assessing rental yield, capital appreciation, location benefits, market trends, and associated risks. This analysis helps investors make informed decisions and maximize profitability in property investment.
110. Jamabandi
     Jamabandi is a land record document maintained by revenue departments in states like Punjab and Haryana. It contains details of ownership, land type, cultivation, and tax liabilities. Updated periodically, it is essential for verifying property titles, conducting transactions, and resolving disputes.
111. Joint Development Agreement
     A joint development agreement (JDA) is a legal contract between a landowner and a developer, where the developer builds on the owner’s land in exchange for a share in the completed project or its revenue. It outlines responsibilities, timelines, and financial arrangements for mutual benefit.
112. Joint Ownership Property

 Joint ownership property refers to real estate owned by two or more individuals, each holding a legal share. Ownership can be in the form of joint tenancy or tenancy-in-common. Rights, liabilities, and transfer procedures depend on the ownership structure and applicable property laws.

113. Kaveri Online
     Kaveri Online is Karnataka’s property registration portal, enabling citizens to access services like document registration, e-stamping, property valuation, and encumbrance certificate download. It simplifies real estate transactions by offering a transparent, time-saving, and user-friendly platform for both buyers and sellers.
114. Khata Certificate
     A Khata certificate is an official document issued by municipal authorities, confirming a property’s assessment for property tax purposes. It contains ownership details, property size, and tax liabilities, and is required for legal transactions, building approvals, and utility connections in urban areas.
115. Land Acquisition Act

The Land Acquisition Act governs the process by which government acquires private land for public purposes or infrastructure projects. It outlines compensation, rehabilitation, and resettlement measures to protect affected landowners while enabling development. The 2013 amendment strengthened transparency and fairness in the process.

116. Land Allotment Letter
     A land allotment letter is an official document issued by a government authority or developer confirming the allocation of a specific plot to an individual or organization. It states location, size, terms, and conditions, serving as proof of allocation before final sale deed execution.
117. Land Bank Concept

The land bank concept refers to a repository of unused or underutilized land parcels maintained by governments or agencies for future development. These lands can be used for affordable housing, infrastructure, or industrial projects, ensuring strategic and planned urban growth.

118. Land Conversion Certificate
     A land conversion certificate is an official approval allowing the change of land use from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes. Issued by revenue authorities, it is required for construction, commercial projects, or residential layouts, ensuring compliance with local zoning regulations.
119. Land Encroachment Law
     Land encroachment law defines legal measures to prevent unauthorized occupation or use of public or private property. It includes penalties, eviction procedures, and restoration rights, safeguarding rightful ownership and maintaining order in land management.
120. Land Holding Certificate
     A land holding certificate is a legal record issued by revenue authorities showing the extent and type of land owned by an individual or entity. It is often required for agricultural loans, government schemes, and land transactions to verify ownership and usage rights.
121. Land Lease Agreement
     A Land Lease Agreement is a legal contract between a landowner and a tenant, granting the tenant the right to use the land for a specified period in exchange for rent. It outlines terms such as duration, payment, permitted use, and renewal conditions, ensuring clarity for both parties.
122. Land Measurement Units in India
     Land measurement units in India vary by region and include terms like bigha, acre, hectare, and guntha. These units are used for defining land size and area in property transactions, agricultural land records, and legal documentation. Standardized conversions help maintain uniformity across states in valuation and registration.
123. Land Pooling
     Land Pooling is a development strategy where multiple landowners voluntarily combine their plots for large-scale infrastructure or housing projects. After development, the land is redistributed, with owners receiving a smaller developed plot. This method optimizes land use, promotes planned urban growth, and ensures fair benefit-sharing among stakeholders.
124. Land Revenue Records
     Land Revenue Records are official government documents that record land ownership, classification, size, and usage. Maintained by revenue departments, they are essential for taxation, property disputes, and land transactions. Accurate records ensure legal security for landowners and provide a reliable source of information for buyers and authorities.
125. Land Sub-Division Rules
     Land Sub-Division Rules govern the process of dividing a larger land parcel into smaller plots for sale, development, or inheritance. These rules set standards for plot size, road access, and infrastructure requirements. Compliance ensures planned development, prevents unauthorized layouts, and aligns land use with urban planning guidelines.
126. Land Survey Number
     A Land Survey Number is a unique identification code assigned to a land parcel by the local land revenue department. It helps track ownership, boundaries, and land use. This number is crucial for property registration, transactions, legal disputes, and government development projects involving the specific plot.
127. Layout Approval
     Layout Approval is an official sanction from urban development authorities that verifies a proposed land layout meets zoning, infrastructure, and safety norms. It ensures that roads, drainage, and amenities are planned according to regulations, protecting buyers from investing in unauthorized or unplanned layouts.
128. Layout Regularisation Scheme (LRS)
     The Layout Regularisation Scheme (LRS) is a government initiative that legalizes unauthorized layouts by bringing them into compliance with planning norms. Applicants pay regularization fees, and approved layouts receive legal recognition, enabling property registration, loan approvals, and infrastructure development.
129. Leasehold Property
     Leasehold Property refers to real estate that is leased from the owner for a fixed term, often 30 to 99 years. The lessee has the right to use the property during this period but does not own the land. Ownership reverts to the lessor upon lease expiry.
130. Lease Rent
     Lease Rent is the periodic payment made by a tenant to a property owner under a lease agreement. It is specified in the contract and may be paid monthly, quarterly, or annually. The amount depends on property value, location, lease terms, and any annual escalation clauses.
131. Lease Termination Notice
     A Lease Termination Notice is a formal communication sent by either the landlord or tenant to end a lease agreement. It specifies the termination date and adheres to the notice period outlined in the contract, ensuring both parties have time to prepare for property handover.
132. Legal Heir Certificate
     A Legal Heir Certificate is an official document issued by local authorities identifying the legal heirs of a deceased person. It is required for transferring property ownership, claiming insurance, and settling debts. The certificate ensures rightful succession and helps prevent inheritance disputes.
133. Life Lease Property
     Life Lease Property allows an individual to occupy a property for their lifetime without owning it. Typically used in senior living communities, the resident pays an upfront amount and maintenance fees. Upon the resident’s death or departure, the property reverts to the owner or managing organization.
134. Light and Ventilation Norms
     Light and Ventilation Norms are building regulations ensuring that structures receive adequate natural light and airflow. They improve indoor air quality, reduce energy consumption, and promote occupant health. Compliance involves specific window placement, open space provisions, and structural design standards set by local building authorities.
135. Loan Against Property
     A Loan Against Property is a secured loan where the borrower pledges real estate as collateral to obtain funds. It can be used for personal or business needs. The loan amount depends on the property’s market value, and default may result in property seizure by the lender.
136. Local Area Development Plan
     A Local Area Development Plan is a detailed strategy prepared by municipal authorities outlining land use, infrastructure, and amenities for a specific locality. It guides urban growth, zoning, transportation, and public facilities, ensuring balanced development and improved living standards for residents.
137. Low-Cost Housing Scheme
     A Low-Cost Housing Scheme is a government or private initiative to provide affordable homes for low-income groups. These schemes often offer subsidies, reduced interest rates, and smaller unit sizes to make housing accessible, while ensuring basic amenities and structural safety standards.
138. Low-Density Housing
     Low-Density Housing refers to residential development with fewer units per acre, often featuring larger plots, open spaces, and greenery. It promotes privacy, reduces congestion, and enhances quality of life. Such housing is common in suburban areas and is favored for its peaceful living environment.
139. Low-Density Residential Area
     A Low-Density Residential Area is a zoning classification that limits the number of dwellings per unit of land. It ensures spacious living conditions, less traffic, and reduced strain on local infrastructure. These areas often feature detached houses, gardens, and community parks.
140. Maintenance Charges per Sq Ft
     Maintenance Charges per Sq Ft are recurring fees paid by property owners to cover shared facility upkeep, security, and amenities in housing societies or commercial complexes. The rate is calculated based on the unit’s built-up area, ensuring proportional contribution from all occupants.
141. MahaBhulekh
     MahaBhulekh is the official digital land records portal for the state of Maharashtra. It provides online access to property ownership details, mutation records, and other land-related documents, reducing the need for manual visits to government offices. This platform enhances transparency and helps citizens verify land records before making property transactions.
142. Market Value
     Market value refers to the estimated amount for which a property would sell in an open and competitive market on the given date. It is determined by factors like location, demand, infrastructure, and comparable property sales. Market value is often used for taxation, loan approvals, and legal property transactions.
143. Marketable Title
     A marketable title is a property ownership title free from significant defects, disputes, or legal claims, making it suitable for sale or mortgage. It ensures that the buyer receives full and undisputed ownership rights. A marketable title is essential for secure property transactions and protects against future ownership challenges.
144. Master Plan
     A master plan is a long-term planning document prepared by urban development authorities to guide a city’s growth and land use. It outlines zoning regulations, infrastructure development, transportation networks, and environmental protection measures. Master plans ensure organized urban expansion while balancing residential, commercial, and industrial needs in a region.
145. Meebhoomi
     Meebhoomi is the Andhra Pradesh government’s online portal for accessing land records, ownership details, and digital maps. It offers transparency in property transactions and enables citizens to check their land details remotely. The platform helps reduce disputes by providing easy access to updated and verified land information.
146. Mixed Land Use Policy
     Mixed Land Use Policy allows residential, commercial, institutional, and recreational developments within the same area. This approach promotes walkability, reduces travel time, and boosts local economies. Many urban development authorities adopt mixed land use policies to create vibrant, sustainable, and integrated communities with better resource utilization.
147. Mixed-Use Development
     Mixed-use development refers to a real estate project that combines residential, commercial, cultural, and recreational spaces within a single complex or neighborhood. Such developments encourage community interaction, reduce commuting, and optimize land use. They are popular in urban areas aiming for sustainable and efficient city living.
148. Modular Kitchen in Apartments
     A modular kitchen in apartments is a pre-designed kitchen setup made from prefabricated modules or units. It offers better space utilization, modern aesthetics, and ease of installation. Modular kitchens are customizable, durable, and often equipped with smart storage solutions, making them a popular choice in contemporary housing projects.
149. Monetary Gains
     Monetary gains in real estate refer to the financial profit earned from property investments, either through rental income or appreciation in value. These gains depend on market trends, location, infrastructure growth, and demand. Investors often calculate monetary gains before making a purchase to assess potential returns.
150. Mortgage Deed
     A mortgage deed is a legal document that formalizes the agreement between a borrower and a lender for securing a loan against property. It outlines the loan amount, repayment terms, interest rate, and rights of both parties. The deed ensures the lender’s legal claim over the property until repayment.
151. Mortgage Loan EMI Calculator
     A mortgage loan EMI calculator is an online tool that helps borrowers estimate their monthly repayments for a home loan. By entering details like loan amount, tenure, and interest rate, users can calculate EMIs instantly. This aids in financial planning and evaluating loan affordability before borrowing.
152. Multi-Level Car Parking (MLCP)
     Multi-Level Car Parking (MLCP) is a structured facility designed to accommodate multiple vehicles across several floors. It maximizes parking capacity in limited spaces, often in urban or commercial hubs. MLCP systems may use ramps or automated lifts and improve traffic flow by reducing roadside parking.
153. Municipal Corporation Property Tax
     Municipal Corporation Property Tax is a levy imposed by local civic bodies on property owners. It is calculated based on factors such as location, usage type, built-up area, and property value. The collected tax is used for public infrastructure, sanitation, and maintenance of civic amenities.
154. Mutation Fee
     A mutation fee is the charge paid to municipal or revenue authorities for updating property ownership records after a transfer, sale, or inheritance. This process ensures that the new owner’s name appears in official land or property records, which is essential for taxation and legal purposes.
155. Mutation of Property
     Mutation of property is the process of officially updating ownership details in government land or municipal records. It is necessary after property sales, inheritance, or gifting. Mutation enables the new owner to pay property tax and protects legal rights over the property.
156. NA Land (Non-Agricultural Land)
     NA Land refers to land that has been officially converted from agricultural to non-agricultural use for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes. The conversion process requires government approval and ensures that the land complies with urban development regulations before construction begins.
157. Noise Pollution Clearance for Construction
     Noise Pollution Clearance for Construction is an official approval ensuring that a project’s construction activities will adhere to permissible noise levels. Authorities grant this clearance to minimize disturbance to surrounding areas, especially in residential and sensitive zones. It is part of environmental compliance requirements.
158. NOC (No Objection Certificate)
     A No Objection Certificate is an official document issued by a relevant authority, confirming that there are no objections to the proposed property transaction or development. NOCs may be required from fire departments, pollution boards, or municipal bodies before construction or sale.
159. Occupancy Certificate
     An Occupancy Certificate is issued by local authorities after verifying that a building complies with approved plans, building codes, and safety regulations. It certifies that the property is safe for occupation. Without this certificate, the property is considered unauthorized for residential or commercial use.
160. Occupancy Load Factor
     Occupancy Load Factor refers to the maximum number of people that a building or space can safely accommodate, as determined by fire safety and structural design regulations. This factor is crucial for public buildings, commercial spaces, and high-rise developments to ensure safety in emergencies.
161. Open Space Reservation (OSR)
     Open Space Reservation refers to the portion of land within a residential or commercial project that is legally required to be left open for community use, such as parks or recreational areas. It ensures balanced urban development, promotes environmental sustainability, and enhances residents’ quality of life by maintaining green and open spaces.
162. Partition Deed
     A Partition Deed is a legal document used to divide jointly owned property among co-owners, clearly defining each party’s share. It helps prevent future disputes, establishes individual ownership rights, and enables separate registration and sale of the divided portions as per mutually agreed or court-ordered terms.
163. Patta Chitta
     Patta Chitta is a land record document in Tamil Nadu that provides details about property ownership, survey number, type of land, and tax liabilities. It serves as an important proof of ownership and is often required for property transactions, legal disputes, and government verification processes.
164. Possession Letter
     A Possession Letter is issued by the builder or seller to the buyer confirming the date on which the property possession is handed over. It is a vital document for property registration and is generally provided after the completion of all payments and fulfillment of contractual terms.
165. Power of Attorney
     Power of Attorney (POA) is a legal authorization that allows an appointed person to act on behalf of another in property, legal, or financial matters. It can be general or specific and must be registered for property transactions to be legally valid under Indian law.
166. Power of Attorney Revocation
     Power of Attorney Revocation is the legal process of canceling an existing Power of Attorney. This is done by issuing a formal revocation deed, notifying the attorney, and updating relevant authorities to prevent unauthorized actions on the property after the cancellation.
167. Pre-Approved Property
     A Pre-Approved Property is a project or property vetted and approved by banks or housing finance companies for lending. Such approval indicates clear legal titles and adherence to regulations, making it easier for buyers to secure loans and reducing the risk of legal complications.
168. Pre-EMI
     Pre-EMI refers to the interest amount paid on a home loan during the construction phase of a property before the full EMI starts. It is calculated on the disbursed loan amount and helps borrowers manage payments until possession is obtained.
169. Property Dispute
     A Property Dispute is a legal conflict between parties over ownership, boundaries, inheritance, or usage rights of land or buildings. Such disputes may arise from unclear titles, encroachments, or breach of agreements and often require resolution through negotiation, mediation, or litigation.
170. Property Mutation
     Property Mutation is the process of updating the land or property ownership details in municipal or revenue records after a sale, inheritance, or transfer. It is crucial for establishing legal ownership for tax purposes and preventing future disputes.
171. Property Tax
     Property Tax is a recurring levy imposed by local municipal bodies on real estate owners based on the property’s value, usage, and location. The revenue collected is used for public services like infrastructure maintenance, sanitation, and civic amenities.
172. Property Transfer
     Property Transfer is the legal process of shifting ownership rights from one party to another through sale, gift, inheritance, or exchange. It requires proper documentation, registration, and payment of applicable stamp duty and transfer charges.
173. Property Valuation
     Property Valuation is the assessment of a property’s current market value by certified valuers based on factors such as location, size, age, condition, and prevailing market trends. It is essential for sale, purchase, mortgage, or taxation purposes.
174. Real Estate Due Diligence
     Real Estate Due Diligence is the comprehensive process of verifying a property’s legal, financial, and technical aspects before purchase. It involves checking ownership titles, approvals, encumbrances, and compliance with laws to minimize risks for buyers or investors.
175. Registration Act
     The Registration Act, 1908, governs the registration of property documents in India, ensuring legal validity and public notice of transactions. It mandates registration of certain property transfers to protect ownership rights and prevent fraud.
176. Registration Charges
     Registration Charges are the fees paid to the government for registering a property transaction under the Registration Act. They are calculated as a percentage of the property’s value and vary by state.
177. Rental Yield
     Rental Yield is the annual rental income generated from a property expressed as a percentage of its market value. It helps investors assess the profitability of real estate investments.
178. RERA
     RERA (Real Estate Regulatory Authority) is a statutory body established under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016, to regulate the real estate sector, promote transparency, and protect homebuyers’ interests by ensuring timely project completion and fair practices.
179. Retention of Ownership
     Retention of Ownership refers to a clause in property agreements where the seller retains ownership rights until the buyer completes all payment obligations. It safeguards the seller from default risks.
180. Reverse Mortgage
     A Reverse Mortgage is a financial product that allows senior citizens to mortgage their self-occupied residential property in exchange for regular income from a bank, without having to sell or vacate the home.
181. Risk Assessment
     Risk assessment in real estate involves evaluating potential financial, legal, and environmental risks before investing or developing a property. It helps stakeholders identify threats such as market volatility, legal disputes, or structural issues, allowing them to plan mitigation strategies. A proper risk assessment ensures informed decision-making and protects investments.
182. ROI in Real Estate
     ROI (Return on Investment) in real estate measures the profitability of an investment property. It is calculated by comparing the net gain from the property to its purchase cost. A higher ROI indicates better profitability. Factors influencing ROI include location, rental demand, maintenance costs, and market appreciation trends.
183. Sale Agreement
     A sale agreement is a legally binding contract between a property buyer and seller outlining the terms of the transaction. It includes details such as the sale price, payment schedule, possession date, and obligations of both parties. This agreement precedes the sale deed and protects the interests of both buyer and seller.
184. Sale Deed
     A sale deed is the final legal document transferring property ownership from the seller to the buyer. It is registered with the local sub-registrar office and contains property details, sale terms, and payment confirmation. The sale deed serves as conclusive proof of ownership and is essential for property title verification.
185. Setback Area
     Setback area refers to the minimum open space required between a building and its property boundary as per local building regulations. These spaces ensure proper ventilation, sunlight, safety, and privacy. Setback requirements vary based on plot size, location, and zoning laws, and are strictly enforced by municipal authorities.
186. Smart Cities Mission
     The Smart Cities Mission is a Government of India initiative aimed at promoting sustainable and technology-driven urban development. It focuses on infrastructure modernization, efficient public services, renewable energy integration, smart transportation, and improved living standards. The mission encourages smart housing, energy-efficient buildings, and data-based city management for better governance.
187. Stamp Duty
     Stamp duty is a government tax levied on legal property transactions during registration. It validates the sale deed and makes the transfer of ownership legally enforceable. Rates vary by state and property type. Paying stamp duty is mandatory for property registration and ensures the legality of ownership transfer.
188. Sub-Registrar Office
     The sub-registrar office is a government authority responsible for registering property transactions, including sale deeds, gift deeds, and lease agreements. It ensures legal validity by recording ownership changes in official land records. Buyers and sellers must appear before the sub-registrar with necessary documents to complete the registration process.
189. Succession Certificate
     A succession certificate is issued by a civil court to legal heirs, authorizing them to inherit movable assets such as bank deposits and investments of a deceased person. It establishes the claimant’s right to the assets and is often required when there is no will. It does not apply to immovable property.
190. Super Built-Up Area
     Super built-up area includes the carpet area, built-up area, and a proportionate share of common spaces like lobbies, staircases, and amenities. Builders often use this measurement to determine property pricing. Buyers should compare the super built-up area with carpet area to assess actual usable space before making a purchase decision.
191. Survey Number
     A survey number is a unique identification assigned to a specific piece of land in government records. It helps in identifying property boundaries, ownership details, and land classification. This number is used in property registration, taxation, and legal disputes, ensuring accurate record-keeping and preventing encroachments.
192. TDS on Property Sale
     Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) on property sale applies when a buyer purchases property worth over ₹50 lakh. The buyer must deduct 1% of the sale consideration as TDS and deposit it with the government. This ensures tax compliance and prevents underreporting of property sale transactions.
193. Tenancy Rights
     Tenancy rights protect the legal interests of tenants in rented properties. These rights cover issues such as rent regulation, eviction procedures, maintenance responsibilities, and lease duration. Tenancy laws vary by state and aim to balance the rights of landlords and tenants while preventing exploitation or illegal eviction.
194. Title Deed
     A title deed is an official legal document proving property ownership. It contains details of the owner, property description, and rights associated with the land or building. A clear and undisputed title deed is essential for property sales, loans, and legal transactions, ensuring the buyer receives rightful ownership.
195. Title Verification
     Title verification is the process of examining property documents to ensure the seller has clear and legal ownership. It includes checking past ownership records, encumbrances, and legal disputes. Proper title verification prevents fraud and protects buyers from future legal challenges related to ownership claims.
196. Township Development
     Township development refers to large-scale, self-sustained urban projects that combine residential, commercial, and recreational spaces. These developments include amenities like schools, hospitals, shopping complexes, and parks. They are designed to offer a modern lifestyle within a planned community, reducing dependency on city infrastructure and enhancing quality of life.
197. Transit-Oriented Development
     Transit-oriented development (TOD) is an urban planning approach that promotes high-density, mixed-use communities around public transportation hubs. It encourages walking, cycling, and public transit use, reducing traffic congestion and pollution. TOD integrates housing, offices, retail, and leisure spaces to create sustainable and accessible neighborhoods.
198. UP Bhulekh
     UP Bhulekh is the official online land record portal for Uttar Pradesh. It provides access to details like ownership, plot size, and survey numbers. The portal enhances transparency, reduces land disputes, and allows citizens to verify property details before purchase or registration without visiting government offices.
199. ULPIN
     ULPIN (Unique Land Parcel Identification Number) is a 14-digit unique code assigned to every land parcel in India. It works like an Aadhaar for land, ensuring precise identification and linking of ownership records. ULPIN improves land record management, prevents fraud, and aids in transparent property transactions.
200. Urban Planning
     Urban planning involves designing and managing land use in cities to promote orderly development. It includes zoning, infrastructure development, environmental sustainability, and public service allocation. Effective urban planning ensures balanced growth, reduces congestion, and improves quality of life by integrating residential, commercial, and industrial areas.
201. Vacation Property
     A vacation property is a secondary home purchased primarily for leisure, holiday stays, or seasonal use. It may be located in tourist destinations, hill stations, or coastal areas. Owners can use it for personal enjoyment or rent it out, benefiting from both relaxation and potential rental income.
202. West Bengal Property Mutation
     West Bengal Property Mutation is the legal process of updating ownership details in land or property records after a sale, inheritance, or transfer. It ensures recognition by municipal authorities for tax purposes. Without mutation, the new owner may face issues in paying property tax or asserting legal ownership rights.
203. Zoning Regulations
     Zoning regulations are government laws defining how land in specific areas can be used—such as for residential, commercial, industrial, or mixed purposes. They control building height, density, setbacks, and permissible activities, ensuring orderly urban growth, safety, and environmental protection. Compliance is mandatory for securing construction approvals and avoiding legal disputes.